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官方文档  http://docs.ansible.com/ansible/
安装配置 http://sofar.blog.51cto.com/353572/1579894
常见错误  http://afewbug.com/article/26


特性
(1)、no agents:不需要在被管控主机上安装任何客户端;
(2)、no server:无服务器端,使用时直接运行命令即可;
(3)、modules in any languages:基于模块工作,可使用任意语言开发模块;
(4)、yaml,not code:使用yaml语言定制剧本playbook;
(5)、ssh by default:基于SSH工作;
(6)、strong multi-tier solution:可实现多级指挥。

优点
(1)、轻量级,无需在客户端安装agent,更新时,只需在操作机上进行一次更新即可;
(2)、批量任务执行可以写成脚本,而且不用分发到远程就可以执行;
(3)、使用python编写,维护更简单,ruby语法过于复杂;
(4)、支持sudo。

1. 安装
yum install -y epel-release
yum install -y ansible

2.  配置
(1) ssh密钥配置
首先生成密钥对
ssh-keygen -t rsa  直接回车即可,不用设置密钥密码
这样会在root家目录下生成.ssh目录,这里面也会生成两个文件 id_rsa 和  id_rsa.pub
然后把公钥(id_rsa.pub)内容放到对方机器的/root/.ssh/authorized_keys里面,包括本机
cat /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
对方机器上要配置好 authorized_keys文件的权限
chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
还需要关闭selinux

(2) ansible 配置
vi  /etc/ansible/hosts  //增加
[testhost]
127.0.0.1
172.7.15.111
说明: testhost为主机组名字,自定义的。 下面两个ip为组内的机器ip。

3. 远程执行命令
ansible  testhost -m command -a 'w'
这样就可以批量执行命令了。这里的testhost 为主机组名,当然我们也可以直接写一个ip,针对某一台机器来执行命令。

错误: "msg": "Aborting, target uses selinux but python bindings (libselinux-python) aren't installed!"
解决: yum install -y libselinux-python

4. 拷贝文件或者目录
ansible testhost  -m copy -a "src=/etc/ansible dest=/tmp/ansibletest owner=root group=root mode=0644"
注意:源目录会放到目标目录下面去。

5. 远程执行一个shell脚本
首先创建一个shell脚本
vim  /tmp/test.sh  //加入内容
#!/bin/bash
echo `date` > /tmp/ansible_test.txt

然后把该脚本分发到各个机器上
ansible testhost -m copy -a "src=/tmp/test.sh dest=/tmp/test.sh mod=0755"

最后是批量执行该shell脚本
ansible testhost -m shell -a "/tmp/test.sh"

shell模块,还支持远程执行命令并且带管道
ansible testhost -m shell -a "cat /etc/passwd|wc -l "

6. cron
ansible testhost -m cron -a "name='test cron' job='/bin/touch /tmp/1212.txt'  weekday=6"
若要删除该cron 只需要加一个字段 state=absent
ansible testhost -m cron -a "name='test cron' job='/bin/touch /tmp/1212.txt'  weekday=6 state=absent"

7. yum和service
ansible testhost -m yum -a "name=httpd"
ansible testhost -m service -a "name=httpd state=started enabled=yes"

文档使用:
ansible-doc -l   列出所有的模块
ansible-doc cron  查看指定模块的文档

8.playbook
相当于把模块写入到配置文件里面
例:
cat  /etc/ansible/test.yml
---
- hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: test_playbook
      shell: touch /tmp/lishiming.txt

说明:
hosts参数指定了对哪些主机进行参作;
user参数指定了使用什么用户登录远程主机操作;
tasks指定了一个任务,其下面的name参数同样是对任务的描述,在执行过程中会打印出来。

执行:
ansible-playbook test.yml

再来一个例子:
vim  /etc/ansible/create_user.yml
---
- name: create_user
  hosts: testhost
  user: root
  gather_facts: false
  vars:
    - user: "test"
  tasks:
    - name: create user
      user: name="{{ user }}"

说明:
name参数对该playbook实现的功能做一个概述,后面执行过程中,会打印 name变量的值 ,可以省略;
gather_facts参数指定了在以下任务部分执行前,是否先执行setup模块获取主机相关信息,这在后面的task会使用到setup获取的信息时用到;
vars参数,指定了变量,这里指字一个user变量,其值为test ,需要注意的是,变量值一定要用引号引住;
user提定了调用user模块,name是user模块里的一个参数,而增加的用户名字调用了上面user变量的值。



循环with_items:

---
- hosts: testhost
  user: root
  tasks:
    - name: change mod for file
      file: path=/tmp/{{ item }} mode=600 owner=root group=root
      with_items:
        - 1.txt
        - 2.txt

说明: with_items 就是循环的关键


条件when:
---
- hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  gather_facts: True
  tasks:
    - name: use when
      shell: touch /tmp/when.txt
      when: facter_ipaddress == "172.7.15.106"


模块handlers:

执行task之后,服务器发生变化之后要执行的一些操作,比如我们修改了配置文件后,需要重启一下服务,具体示例

---
- hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  tasks:
    - name: test copy
    copy: src=/tmp/1.txt dest=/tmp/2.txt
    notify: test handlers
  handlers:
    - name: test handlers
      shell: echo "121212" >> /tmp/2.txt

说明,只有copy模块真正执行后,才会去调用下面的handlers相关的操作。也就是说如果1.txt和2.txt内容是一样的,并不会去执行handlers里面的shell相关命令。 这种比较适合配置文件发生更改后,重启服务的操作。



9. 实际应用- 安装nginx

cd  /etc/ansible
mkdir nginx_install
mkdir  -p nginx_install/roles/{common,delete,install}/{handlers,files,meta,tasks,templates,vars}

说明:roles目录下有三个角色,common为一些准备操作,delete为删除nginx的操作,install为安装nginx的操作

每个角色下面又有几个目录,handlers下面是当发生改变时要执行的操作,通常用在配置文件发生改变,重启服务。files为安装时用到的一些文件,meta为说明信息,说明角色依赖等信息,tasks里面是核心的配置文件,templates通常存一些配置文件,启动脚本等模板文件,vars下为定义的变量

cd  nginx_install/roles

vim  ./common/tasks/main.yml //内容如下
- name: Install initializtion require software
  yum: name={{ item }} state=installed
  with_items:
    - gcc
    - zlib-devel
    - pcre-devel
vim  ./install/vars/main.yml
nginx_user: www
nginx_port: 80
nginx_web_dir: /data/www
nginx_version: 1.4.3

ls ./install/files/
nginx-1.4.3.tar.gz

说明: 我们需要把源码包放到 files目录里面

ls ./install/templates
index.html index.php install_nginx.sh nginx nginx.conf vhost.conf

说明: 需要再templates下面准备好 默认页、安装nginx的shell脚本、nginx启动脚本、nginx配置文件以及虚拟主机配置文件

vim ./install/tasks/copy.yml
  - name: Copy Nginx Software To Redhat Client
    copy: src=nginx-{{ nginx_version }}.tar.gz dest=/tmp/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}.tar.gz owner=root group=root
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Uncompression Nginx Software To Redhat Client
    shell: tar zxf /tmp/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Copy Nginx Start Script To Redhat Client
    template: src=nginx dest=/etc/init.d/nginx owner=root group=root mode=0755
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Copy Nginx Config To Redhat Client
    template: src=nginx.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}/conf/ owner=root group=root mode=0644
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Copy Nginx Vhost Config to RedHat Client
    template: src=vhost.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}/conf/vhost/ owner=root group=root mode=0644
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6


说明: 首先把压缩包拷贝到/tmp/目录下,然后解压到/usr/local/下,再拷贝启动脚本到/etc/init.d/下,再拷贝nginx.conf以及vhost.conf

vim ./install/tasks/install.yml
  - name: Create Nginx User In Redhat Client
    user: name={{ nginx_user }} state=present createhome=no shell=/sbin/nologin
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Create Nginx Dir
    file: dest={{ nginx_web_dir }}/{{ item }} state=directory
    with_items:
      - vhost
      - logs
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Modify Nginx Dir Permission In Redhat Client
    file: path={{ item }} owner={{ nginx_user }} group={{ nginx_user }} mode=0755
    with_items:
      - "{{ nginx_web_dir }}"
      - /usr/local/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Create Index Html To Redhat Client
    template: src=index.html dest={{ nginx_web_dir }}/vhost/index.html owner={{ nginx_user }} group={{ nginx_user }} mode=0644
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Install Check Script In Redhat Client
    template: src=index.php dest={{ nginx_web_dir }}/vhost/ owner={{ nginx_user }} group={{ nginx_user }} mode=0644
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Start Nginx Service In Redhat Client
    service: name=nginx state=restarted
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Add Boot Start Nginx Service In Redhat Client
    shell: chkconfig --level 345 nginx on
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6

vim ./install/tasks/delete.yml
  - name: Delete Nginx compression Software In Redhat Client
    shell: rm -rf /tmp/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}.tar.gz
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6

vim ./install/tasks/main.yml
- include: copy.yml
- include: install.yml
- include: delete.yml

vim  ./delete/vars/main.yml
nginx_user: www
nginx_port: 80
nginx_web_dir: /data/webroot/nginx
nginx_version: 1.4.3

vim ./delete/tasks/main.yml
- include: delete.yml

vim ./delete/tasks/delete.yml
  - name: stop nginx service
    shell: ps -ef|grep nginx|grep -v grep|awk '{print $2}'|xargs kill -9 >>/dev/null 2>&1
    ignore_errors: yes
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Delete Nginx Boot Start Script
    shell: chkconfig --del nginx
    ignore_errors: yes
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Delete Nginx Dir
    shell: rm -rf /usr/local/nginx-{{ nginx_version }}
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Delete Nginx User
    shell: userdel {{ nginx_user }}
    ignore_errors: yes
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
  - name: Delete Nginx Service Start Script
    shell: rm -rf /etc/init.d/nginx
    when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6

cd ../
vim install.yml
---
- hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  gather_facts: True
  roles:
    - common
    - install

vim delete.yml
---
- hosts: testhost
  remote_user: root
  gather_facts: True
  roles:
    - delete

安装nginx:  ansible-playbook  install.yml
删除nginx: ansible-playbook  delete.yml


下载整个样例库   
git clone git://github.com/dl528888/ansible-examples.git
git命令,需要yum先安装一下: yum install -y git

2015-12-15 20:47 举报
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ansible testhost -m copy -a "src=/tmp/test.sh dest=/tmp/test.sh mod=0755"
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